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架构: 1台机器配置Web、Mysql、Redis，作为主服务器)，第2台机器配置ElasticSearch，第3台机器配置Varnish
这三台机器的配置、内网IP和hostname分别为
6核/16G，192.168.1.1，server1
1核/4G，192.168.1.2，server2
1核/4G，192.168.1.3，server3
首先安装2号机器的ElasticSearch：
升级系统，安装Java
yum -y updateyum -y install java-1.8.0-openjdk java-1.8.0-openjdk-devel配置Java
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/profile.d/java8.sh export JAVA_HOME=/usr/lib/jvm/jre-openjdk export PATH=\$PATH:\$JAVA_HOME/bin export CLASSPATH=.:\$JAVA_HOME/jre/lib:\$JAVA_HOME/lib:\$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar EOF source /etc/profile.d/java8.sh配置elasticsearch安装源
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/yum.repos.d/elasticsearch.repo [elasticsearch-7.x] name=Elasticsearch repository for 7.x packages baseurl=https://artifacts.elastic.co/packages/oss-7.x/yum gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=https://artifacts.elastic.co/GPG-KEY-elasticsearch enabled=1 autorefresh=1 type=rpm-md EOF安装elasticsearch
yum -y install elasticsearch-oss修改配置允许远程访问
修改配置/etc/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.yml
network.host: 0.0.0.0 cluster.initial_master_nodes: ["node-1"]启动elasticsearch并开机自启动
systemctl enable --now elasticsearch查看是否正常启动
systemctl status elasticsearch如果看到Active: active (running) 则是正常启动了。
此外需要开放防火墙的9200端口。由于我这边是内网，所以直接把firewalld关闭，禁用自启动了。
systemctl disable --now firewalld再次测试是否运行，也可以在server1和server3上测试是否允许外部访问
[root@server2 network-scripts]# curl http://127.0.0.1:9200 { "name" : "server2", "cluster_name" : "elasticsearch", "cluster_uuid" : "G2Jh9gIeSfK8D_D8hEYfOg", "version" : { "number" : "7.9.0", "build_flavor" : "oss", "build_type" : "rpm", "build_hash" : "a479a2a7fce0389512d6a9361301708b92dff667", "build_date" : "2020-08-11T21:36:48.204330Z", "build_snapshot" : false, "lucene_version" : "8.6.0", "minimum_wire_compatibility_version" : "6.8.0", "minimum_index_compatibility_version" : "6.0.0-beta1" }, "tagline" : "You Know, for Search" }安装3号机器varnish6.4.0：
一开始在jemalloc上折腾了很久，后来发现直接用epel源就顺利解决了
yum install -y autoconf epel-release pygpgme yum-utils配置安装源
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /etc/yum.repos.d/varnishcache_varnish64.repo [varnishcache_varnish64] name=varnishcache_varnish64 baseurl=https://packagecloud.io/varnishcache/varnish64/el/7/$basearch repo_gpgcheck=1 gpgcheck=0 enabled=1 gpgkey=https://packagecloud.io/varnishcache/varnish64/gpgkey sslverify=1 sslcacert=/etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt metadata_expire=300 [varnishcache_varnish64-source] name=varnishcache_varnish64-source baseurl=https://packagecloud.io/varnishcache/varnish64/el/7/SRPMS repo_gpgcheck=1 gpgcheck=0 enabled=1 gpgkey=https://packagecloud.io/varnishcache/varnish64/gpgkey sslverify=1 sslcacert=/etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt metadata_expire=300 EOF# 清除缓存 sudo yum -q makecache -y --disablerepo='*' --enablerepo='varnishcache_varnish64' # 安装Varnish6.4.0 yum -y install varnish # 启动并开启自启动 systemctl enable --now varnish # 检查varnish状态 systemctl status varnish # 看到Active: active (running)则说明启动成功，同样的由于内网，3号机器也关闭了防火墙 systemctl disable --now firewalld后续在Magento2.4安装好之后，后台Store – Configuration – System – Full Page Cache配置Varnish参数，下载vcl配置文件。然后替换/etc/varnish/default.vcl，并重启即可。
varnish可以通过命令varnishstat来查看运行状态
安装1号机器Magento2.4：
为了这篇文章写得方便，这里使用目前比较流行的宝塔面板，如果是我自己使用的话，首选cPanel+Cloudlinux，其次用Vestacp。
安装宝塔
yum install -y wget && wget -O install.sh http://download.bt.cn/install/install_6.0.sh && sh install.sh安装后选择安装软件
Apache 2.4.46
MySQL 8.0.20
PHP 7.4.9
Redis 6.0.6
【重要】安装完成后安装PHP扩展，ionCube、fileinfo、opcache、redis、intl、xsl，并且修改PHP的memory_limit为1536M，另外务必别忘了解除禁用函数putenv,proc_open,openlog,syslog,pcntl_signal。
然后进入宝塔面板，创建网站和数据库，并删除网站目录下的所有文件，避免安装时候文件重复无法覆盖。
提前在https://marketplace.magento.com/customer/accessKeys/创建一个应用，获取Public Key和Private Key，使用composer安装，当然也可以登录这个页面下载源码https://magento.com/tech-resources/download
在composer的时候需要使用到unzip，因此预先安装好，并且通过ssh进入到网站主目录
yum install -y unzip cd /www/wwwroot/demo.com这里有三个办法安装Magento2.4主程序
【推荐】方法一：单文件安装
在主目录生成composer.json文件
cat <<EOF | sudo tee /www/wwwroot/demo.com/composer.json { "name": "magento/project-community-edition", "description": "eCommerce Platform for Growth (Community Edition)", "type": "project", "license": [ "OSL-3.0", "AFL-3.0" ], "config": { "preferred-install": "dist", "sort-packages": true }, "require": { "magento/product-community-edition": "2.4.0", "magento/composer-root-update-plugin": "~1.0" }, "require-dev": { "allure-framework/allure-phpunit": "~1.2.0", "dealerdirect/phpcodesniffer-composer-installer": "^0.5.0", "friendsofphp/php-cs-fixer": "~2.16.0", "lusitanian/oauth": "~0.8.10", "magento/magento-coding-standard": "*", "magento/magento2-functional-testing-framework": "^3.0", "pdepend/pdepend": "~2.7.1", "phpcompatibility/php-compatibility": "^9.3", "phpmd/phpmd": "^2.8.0", "phpstan/phpstan": ">=0.12.3 <=0.12.23", "phpunit/phpunit": "^9", "sebastian/phpcpd": "~5.0.0", "squizlabs/php_codesniffer": "~3.5.4" }, "conflict": { "gene/bluefoot": "*" }, "autoload": { "psr-4": { "Magento\\\\Framework\\\\": "lib/internal/Magento/Framework/", "Magento\\\\Setup\\\\": "setup/src/Magento/Setup/", "Magento\\\\": "app/code/Magento/", "Zend\\\\Mvc\\\\Controller\\\\": "setup/src/Zend/Mvc/Controller/" }, "psr-0": { "": [ "app/code/", "generated/code/" ] }, "files": [ "app/etc/NonComposerComponentRegistration.php" ], "exclude-from-classmap": [ "**/dev/**", "**/update/**", "**/Test/**" ] }, "autoload-dev": { "psr-4": { "Magento\\\\Sniffs\\\\": "dev/tests/static/framework/Magento/Sniffs/", "Magento\\\\Tools\\\\": "dev/tools/Magento/Tools/", "Magento\\\\Tools\\\\Sanity\\\\": "dev/build/publication/sanity/Magento/Tools/Sanity/", "Magento\\\\TestFramework\\\\Inspection\\\\": "dev/tests/static/framework/Magento/TestFramework/Inspection/", "Magento\\\\TestFramework\\\\Utility\\\\": "dev/tests/static/framework/Magento/TestFramework/Utility/", "Magento\\\\PhpStan\\\\": "dev/tests/static/framework/Magento/PhpStan/" } }, "version": "2.4.0", "minimum-stability": "stable", "repositories": [ { "type": "composer", "url": "https://repo.magento.com/" } ], "extra": { "magento-force": "override" } } EOF
方法二：composer获取源码
composer create-project --repository-url=https://repo.magento.com/ magento/project-community-edition=2.4.0#提示username输入Public Key，password输入Private Key，是否创建auth.json，输入Y回车。
这个时候安装的数据都在/www/wwwroot/demo.com/project-community-edition目录下，我们需要转移文件到网站根目录，用命令行迁移容易丢失.htaccess等文件，建议用文件管理器迁移。
【推荐】方法三：上传源码
在官网https://magento.com/tech-resources/download下载源码，并且解压到主目录。
上述三种办法任选其一，随后在主目录执行
composer installcomposer安装完成后执行magento安装，Magento2.4.0已取消网页安装，将下列命令行关于数据库信息和域名信息修改后填入，请注意ElasticSearch服务器是必需的
bin/magento setup:install --base-url=http://www.demo.com/ \ --db-host=localhost --db-name=demo_com --db-user=demo_com --db-password=MmZ8asfdjk \ --admin-firstname=Magento --admin-lastname=User --admin-email=admin@demo.com \ --admin-user=admin --admin-password=demoadmin88 --language=en_US \ --currency=USD --timezone=America/Chicago --use-rewrites=1 \ --search-engine=elasticsearch7 --elasticsearch-host=server2 \ --elasticsearch-port=9200执行完成后显示对应目录为/admin_31b6ig
[SUCCESS]: Magento installation complete. [SUCCESS]: Magento Admin URI: /admin_31b6ig Nothing to import.因为我们一直都是root用户执行命令，因此需要最后重置一下文件权限，此外Magento2.4.0强制开启了二次验证，我们这里关掉，随后刷新静态资源、索引和缓存
chown -R www:www /www/wwwroot/demo.com bin/magento module:disable Magento_TwoFactorAuth bin/magento setup:upgrade bin/magento setup:di:compile bin/magento setup:static-content:deploy -f bin/magento indexer:reindex bin/magento cache:flush如果遇到文件读写权限的问题，再执行一遍权限
chown -R www:www /www/wwwroot/demo.com安装完成后给Magento跑个分，不知道啥时候出的这个功能，需要注意这里要给mysql的root权限，或者直接改app/etc/env.php中的数据库用户为root，跑分文件位于setup/performance-toolkit/profiles/ce/目录下，我们选择一个中等配置进行测试，下面可以看到这个配置中测试生成了24000个简单产品，50000个订单。
[root@server1 demo.com]# bin/magento setup:performance:generate-fixtures /www/wwwroot/demo.com/setup/performance-toolkit/profiles/ce/medium.xml Generating profile with following params: |- Admin Users: 50 |- Websites: 3 |- Store Groups Count: 3 |- Store Views Count: 3 |- Categories: 300 |- Attribute Sets (Default): 3 |- Attribute Sets (Extra): 30 |- Simple products: 24000 |- Configurable products: 640 |- Product images: 1000, 3 per product |- Customers: 2000 |- Cart Price Rules: 20 |- Catalog Price Rules: 20 |- Coupon Codes: 20 |- Orders: 50000 Config Changes... done in 00:00:00 Generating admin users... done in 00:00:02 Generating websites, stores and store views... done in 00:00:02 Generating categories... done in 00:00:11 Generating attribute sets... done in 00:00:10 Generating simple products... done in 00:01:55 Generating configurable EAV variations... done in 00:00:00 Generating bundle products... done in 00:00:00 Generating configurable products... done in 00:00:51 Generating images... done in 00:00:44 Generating customer groups... done in 00:00:00 Generating customers... done in 00:00:11 Generating cart price rules... done in 00:00:03 Generating catalog price rules... done in 00:00:03 Generating tax rates... done in 00:04:05 Generating tax rules... done in 00:00:00 Generating coupon codes... done in 00:00:00 Generating orders... done in 00:03:36 Indexers Mode Changes... done in 00:00:03 Design Config Grid index has been rebuilt successfully in 00:00:00 Customer Grid index has been rebuilt successfully in 00:00:01 Category Products index has been rebuilt successfully in 00:00:15 Product Categories index has been rebuilt successfully in 00:00:00 Catalog Rule Product index has been rebuilt successfully in 00:00:19 Product EAV index has been rebuilt successfully in 00:00:20 Stock index has been rebuilt successfully in 00:00:16 Inventory index has been rebuilt successfully in 00:00:00 Catalog Product Rule index has been rebuilt successfully in 00:00:00 Product Price index has been rebuilt successfully in 00:00:28 Catalog Search index has been rebuilt successfully in 00:03:55 Total execution time: 00:17:53整体数据比较满意，毕竟4万产品和5万订单在这么短的时间内生成处理就已经相当不错了，而且这个服务器还只是入门性能。
跑完分后访问前后台还是有报错，没办法，再来执行一遍
bin/magento setup:upgrade bin/magento setup:di:compile bin/magento setup:static-content:deploy -f bin/magento indexer:reindex bin/magento cache:flush最后配置varnish，在后台依次进入
Store – Configuration – System – Full Page Cache
设置Backend host源IP，注意：我们这里是将Varnish分离出去了，因为实际情况中鉴于各种BUG以及对SSL兼容性的问题，最终我们将不使用varnish，本文仅作安装配置说明，后面在关于性能优化方面会具体为什么不用varnish以及varnish的替代方案。
另外设置varnish为缓存后会存在前台导航菜单丢失的情况，最简单的办法是修改
/vendor/magento/module-theme/view/frontend/layout/default.xml中66行，将ttl=”3600″删除即可。
配置Varnish后前台丢导航
到这里，整个环境安装完成。
Magento2.4.0首次登录后台显示
后台40000产品，非常流畅。
得益于ElasticSearch7.6，前台搜索也非常棒！
后续计划
第二篇将通过一系列工具演练产品的采集和上传，
第三篇会通过一些插件进而完善电商的各个运营环节，
第四篇会注重优化前台页面的速度性能，
